Bulgarie
- Abstract
- Summary
- Comparative Statistical Analysis
- Strengths and Weakness
- Instruments ratifications
- Historical Data
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La Bulgarie, en forme longue la république de Bulgarie (en bulgare : България et Република България, translittération : Bǎlgarija et Republika Bǎlgarija), est un pays d’Europe du Sud-Est situé dans les Balkans. Elle est bordée par la mer Noire à l'est, au sud par la Grèce et la Turquie, au nord par le Danube et la Roumanie, à l’ouest par la Serbie et la Macédoine du Nord. Sa capitale est Sofia.
La Bulgarie couvre approximativement la Thrace antique. Les premiers vestiges de civilisation sur son territoire datent de la fin du chalcolithique vers 4600 av. J. C. Les slaves s'y installent au VIe siècle et adoptent le christianisme de rite grec. Les Proto-Bulgares fondent en 680-681 la « Khanat bulgare du Danube », l'un des États successeurs de la Grande Bulgarie. Tengristes, ils adoptent eux aussi le christianisme en 864. Le « Premier Empire » ainsi fondé doit son nom aux Proto-Bulgares, sa langue aux Slaves et sa foi aux Grecs : sur ces bases, il réalise au Moyen Âge la première et plus ancienne civilisation slave, dont l'écriture cyrillique est l'un des héritages.
De 1018 à 1185 le pays devient une partie de l'Empire byzantin, mais renaît ensuite de ses cendres, plus brillant et plus étendu encore puisqu'il englobe au XIIe siècle les actuelles Bulgarie, Macédoine du Nord, Macédoine-Occidentale, Serbie orientale, Valachie et Moldavie (territoires qui garderont jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle la liturgie et la langue slavonne comme langue de chancellerie). Après 1371, ce « Second Empire » se morcelle en plusieurs principautés (tzarats de Vidin et de Tarnovo, despotat de Dobroudja, principauté de Valachie, principautés slavo-macédoniennes), qui tombent sous la domination turque ottomane à la fin du siècle.
Après une série de révoltes durant le XIXe siècle, un grand État de Bulgarie est défini au traité de San Stefano en 1878, mais le Congrès de Berlin met fin à ce rêve en créant deux petites principautés bulgares qui, malgré les réticences des puissances occidentales, parviennent à s'unir en 1885 en un royaume qui fait reconnaître son indépendance en 1908. Pour tenter de retrouver ses frontières de San Stefano, la Bulgarie s'allie à l'Allemagne durant les deux guerres mondiales. En 1946, elle est intégrée dans le « bloc de l'Est » qui se disloque en 1990. Elle est membre de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce depuis 1996, de l'OTAN depuis 2004, de l'Union européenne depuis 2007 et elle est présidée, depuis 2017, par un président euro-sceptique pro-russe.
La Bulgarie est une république parlementaire et démocratique affichant un haut Indice de développement humain (0,782).
Instruments ratified: | 174 / 282 |
---|---|
World Average Ratifications: | 114 / 282 |
Ratification rate: | 61.07% |
World Average Rate: | 41.25% |
Weighted score: | 67.14% |
World Average Weighted Score: | 41.25% |
World rank: | 20 / 194 |
BONNE GOUVERNANCE | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corruption | 3/4 (75.00%) | 75.00% | 50.00% | 6 | Strong |
Biens culturels | 3/4 (75.00%) | 68.75% | 54.00% | 38 | Strong |
Stupéfiants | 3/3 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 95.00% | 1 | Weak |
Délit d'initié | 0/1 | 0.00% | 4.00% | 9 | Weak |
Crime organisé | 2/2 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 80.00% | 1 | Strong |
Total | 11 | 82.69% | 68.00% | 30 | Strong |
CONTENTIEUX | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Arbitrage | 2/6 (33.33%) | 50.00% | 32.00% | 29 | Strong |
Coopération judiciaire | 4/5 (80.00%) | 94.74% | 36.00% | 23 | Strong |
Reconnaissance des jugements étrangers | 0/2 | 0.00% | 2.00% | 6 | Weak |
Compétence judiciaire | 1/4 (25.00%) | 100.00% | 14.00% | 1 | Strong |
Procédure judiciaire | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 6.00% | 1 | Strong |
Immunités des Etats | 0/1 | 0.00% | 11.00% | 22 | Weak |
Total | 8 | 68.00% | 29.00% | 10 | Strong |
CONTRATS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Représentation | 0/2 | 0.00% | 2.00% | 8 | Weak |
Conflits de loi | 0/7 | 0.00% | 3.00% | 27 | Weak |
Commerce électronique | 0/3 | 0.00% | 18.00% | 70 | Weak |
Franchisage | 0/1 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 | Average |
Leasing/Factoring | 0/2 | 0.00% | 5.00% | 13 | Weak |
Principes et usages commerciaux | 0/2 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 | Average |
Marchés publics | 0/4 | 0.00% | 3.00% | 31 | Weak |
Vente de marchandises | 1/5 (20.00%) | 45.45% | 25.00% | 29 | Strong |
Contrats de voyage | 0/1 | 0.00% | 3.00% | 7 | Weak |
Total | 1 | 7.25% | 9.00% | 94 | Weak |
DOUANES | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Codification douanière | 2/3 (66.67%) | 100.00% | 78.00% | 1 | Strong |
Coopération douanière | 2/6 (33.33%) | 40.00% | 26.00% | 48 | Strong |
Importation en franchise | 5/9 (55.56%) | 62.96% | 30.00% | 37 | Strong |
Importations temporaires | 7/11 (63.64%) | 73.53% | 28.00% | 24 | Strong |
Transit | 2/4 (50.00%) | 72.73% | 28.00% | 17 | Strong |
Total | 18 | 66.30% | 31.00% | 30 | Strong |
DROIT DES TRAITéS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Général | 2/4 (50.00%) | 66.67% | 30.00% | 11 | Strong |
Total | 2 | 66.67% | 30.00% | 11 | Strong |
DROITS DE L'HOMME ET NORMES DU TRAVAIL | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Droits de l'homme | 7/7 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 96.00% | 1 | Weak |
Normes du travail | 8/8 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 86.00% | 1 | Strong |
Total | 15 | 100.00% | 91.00% | 1 | Average |
ENVIRONNEMENT ET PRODUITS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Atmosphère | 4/5 (80.00%) | 80.00% | 86.00% | 59 | Weak |
Produits chimiques | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 78.00% | 1 | Strong |
Energie | 2/2 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 25.00% | 1 | Strong |
Faune et flore | 8/10 (80.00%) | 82.61% | 68.00% | 29 | Strong |
Produits alimentaires | 2/2 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 79.00% | 1 | Strong |
Général | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 95.00% | 1 | Weak |
Cours d'eau internationaux | 0/1 | 0.00% | 18.00% | 36 | Weak |
Espaces maritimes et droit de la mer | 18/26 (69.23%) | 73.91% | 46.00% | 32 | Strong |
Zones géographiques protégées | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 27.00% | 1 | Strong |
Déchets | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 93.00% | 1 | Weak |
Total | 38 | 80.21% | 61.00% | 23 | Strong |
FINANCEMENT, PAIEMENT ET INSOLVABILITé | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Cessions de créances | 0/1 | 0.00% | 1.00% | 2 | Weak |
Faillite et insolvabilité | 0/1 | 0.00% | 21.00% | 41 | Weak |
Lettres de change et billets à ordre | 0/4 | 0.00% | 8.00% | 43 | Weak |
Chèques | 0/3 | 0.00% | 13.00% | 36 | Weak |
Virements internationaux | 0/1 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1 | Average |
Sûretés | 0/3 | 0.00% | 20.00% | 75 | Weak |
Total | 0 | 0.00% | 12.00% | 117 | Weak |
INVESTISSEMENTS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Différends en matière d'investissements | 1/2 (50.00%) | 50.00% | 39.00% | 2 | Strong |
Garantie des investissements | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 93.00% | 1 | Weak |
Total | 2 | 66.67% | 57.00% | 2 | Strong |
OMC | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Accords plurilatéraux | 2/2 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 18.00% | 1 | Strong |
Accords de l'O.M.C. | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 81.00% | 1 | Strong |
Total | 3 | 100.00% | 47.00% | 1 | Strong |
PARTICIPATION INSTITUTIONNELLE | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Contentieux | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 39.00% | 1 | Strong |
Droit commercial international | 10/10 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 73.00% | 1 | Strong |
Institutions d'appui au commerce | 6/6 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 51.00% | 1 | Strong |
Total | 17 | 100.00% | 63.00% | 1 | Strong |
PRODUITS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Ressources marines | 0/1 | 0.00% | 24.00% | 48 | Weak |
Bois | 0/1 | 0.00% | 31.00% | 61 | Weak |
General | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 92.00% | 1 | Weak |
Total | 1 | 38.46% | 53.00% | 85 | Weak |
PROPRIéTé INTELLECTUELLE | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Radiodiffusion | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 47.00% | 1 | Strong |
Droit d'auteur | 3/3 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 65.00% | 1 | Strong |
Dessins industriels | 2/2 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 31.00% | 1 | Strong |
Circuits intégrés | 0/1 | 0.00% | 2.00% | 4 | Weak |
Droits voisins | 3/3 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 46.00% | 1 | Strong |
Origine | 2/3 (66.67%) | 66.67% | 14.00% | 7 | Strong |
Brevets | 4/5 (80.00%) | 85.71% | 57.00% | 30 | Strong |
Marques | 5/6 (83.33%) | 77.27% | 33.00% | 29 | Strong |
Obtentions végétales | 1/1 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 37.00% | 1 | Strong |
Total | 21 | 87.37% | 42.00% | 18 | Strong |
TRANSPORT ET TELECOMMUNICATIONS | Inst. ratified | Country score | World avg. score | Country rank in world | Strength |
Transport aérien | 4/7 (57.14%) | 76.19% | 59.00% | 54 | Strong |
Aéronefs et aviation civile | 5/9 (55.56%) | 76.00% | 74.00% | 80 | Weak |
Transport par navires et lignes de charge | 12/13 (92.31%) | 97.14% | 66.00% | 1 | Strong |
Transport maritime | 6/12 (50.00%) | 33.33% | 27.00% | 55 | Strong |
Transport multi modal | 0/2 | 0.00% | 4.00% | 15 | Weak |
Transport ferroviaire | 3/3 (100.00%) | 100.00% | 22.00% | 1 | Strong |
Transport routier | 3/4 (75.00%) | 83.33% | 31.00% | 35 | Strong |
Espace | 3/4 (75.00%) | 83.33% | 40.00% | 16 | Strong |
Télécommunications | 1/2 (50.00%) | 83.33% | 47.00% | 26 | Strong |
Total | 37 | 76.35% | 50.00% | 18 | Strong |
Strong | |
---|---|
Contracts | Sale of Goods |
Customs | Customs Codification |
Customs | Customs Cooperation |
Customs | Exemption from Duties |
Customs | Temporary Admission |
Customs | Transit |
Dispute resolution | Arbitration |
Dispute resolution | Judicial cooperation |
Dispute resolution | State court jurisdiction |
Dispute resolution | State court procedure |
Environment and products | Chemicals |
Environment and products | Energy |
Environment and products | Flora and fauna |
Environment and products | Foodstuff |
Environment and products | Maritime and Law of the Sea |
Environment and products | Protected geographical areas |
Good Governance | Corruption |
Good Governance | Cultural Property |
Good Governance | Organized crime |
Human Rights and Labour Standards | Labour Standards |
Institutional Participation | Dispute Resolution |
Institutional Participation | International Trade Law |
Institutional Participation | Trade support institutions |
Intellectual property | Broadcasting |
Intellectual property | Copyright |
Intellectual property | Industrial designs |
Intellectual property | Neighboring Rights |
Intellectual property | Origin |
Intellectual property | Patents |
Intellectual property | Trademarks |
Intellectual property | Varieties of plants |
Investments | Investment disputes |
Transport and telecommunications | Air transport |
Transport and telecommunications | Maritime shipping and load lines |
Transport and telecommunications | Maritime transport |
Transport and telecommunications | Rail transport |
Transport and telecommunications | Road transport |
Transport and telecommunications | Space |
Transport and telecommunications | Telecommunications |
Treaties law | General |
WTO | Plurilateral Agreements |
WTO | WTO Agreements |
Average | |
Contracts | Franchising |
Contracts | Principles, trade usages and standards |
Finance, payments and insolvency | Credit transfers |
Weak | |
Contracts | Agency |
Contracts | Conflict of laws |
Contracts | E-commerce |
Contracts | Leasing/Factoring |
Contracts | Procurement |
Contracts | Travel contracts |
Dispute resolution | Recognition of foreign judgments |
Dispute resolution | State immunities |
Environment and products | Air |
Environment and products | General |
Environment and products | International watercourses |
Environment and products | Waste |
Finance, payments and insolvency | Assignment of receivables |
Finance, payments and insolvency | Bankruptcy and insolvency |
Finance, payments and insolvency | Bills of exchange and promissory notes |
Finance, payments and insolvency | Cheques |
Finance, payments and insolvency | International guarantees |
Good Governance | Drugs |
Good Governance | Insider Trading |
Human Rights and Labour Standards | Human rights |
Intellectual property | Integrated circuits |
Investments | Investment guaranty |
Products | General |
Products | Marine Resources |
Products | Timber |
Transport and telecommunications | Aircrafts and civil aviation |
Transport and telecommunications | Multi modal transport |
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