Montenegro

Montenegro ( (listen); Montenegrin: Crna Gora / Црна Гора, [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra]) is a country in southeast Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea to the south, and Croatia to the southwest. Montenegro covers an area of 13,812 square kilometres with population of 620,079 (2011 census). Its capital and the largest city, Podgorica, is one of the twenty-four municipalities in the country. Cetinje is designated as the Royal Capital (Prijestonica.)
During the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Rascia proper, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries, the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries, ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421, and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498, when the name Montenegro started being used for the country. After falling under Ottoman rule, Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops, before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852. Montenegro's de jure independence was recognized by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, following the Montenegrin–Ottoman War. In 1905, the country became a kingdom. After World War I, it became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together proclaimed a federation of the two republics known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2003, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which remained unrecognized by United States and European Union, was reconstituted as a confederation of the two independent states (Serbia and Montenegro) and renamed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Immediately following the independence referendum held in May 2006, Montenegro declared and restored its independence and the confederation peacefully dissolved on 3 June of that year, ending a nearly 88-year union between the two states. It is important to note that majority of the Serbs living in Montenegro wished to remain in the State Union.From 1990 until August 2020, the state of Montenegro has been governed by the Democratic Party of Socialists and its minor coalition partners. Some foreign observers consider Montenegro's government, headed by Milo Đukanović, to be autocratic and kleptocratic.Classified by the World Bank as an upper middle-income country, Montenegro is a member of the UN, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the Central European Free Trade Agreement. Montenegro is a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean. It is also in the process of joining the European Union.